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Delay Rules for P-NET:

P-NET, 4-WIRE P-NET and P-NET Light-Link

 

To achieve an efficient network, P-NET specifies rules for bus traffic timing. When a P-NET device sends out a request, the response must arrive back within a specified time.

Delays in the transmission are created by the signal propagation time in the cable and delays in repeaters and conversion from cable to Light-Link.

Only communication between devices on the same logical bus is affected by such time delays. As soon as the signal is routed through a multi-port device, a new logical network is reached.

 

 

 

Example of logical networks in an installation:

 

A delay is measured in “bit times”, Tbit.

A Tbit is the time used to signal one bit on the bus. With a communication speed of 76.8 Kbps, a Tbit is equal to 13μSec.

 

 

 

Maximum allowable delays:

  • Between any masters:                    2 Tbit.
  • Between any master and slave:     6 Tbit.

 

If a logical network contains only 1 master (Single master system), the maximum delay from the master to any slave on the network is 6 Tbit.

 

If a logical network contains more than 1 master (Multi-master system), the maximum delay between any two masters is 2 Tbit, and the maximum delay between any of the masters and any slave is 6 Tbit.

 

 

 

 

Delay calculation:

 

Delay in cable:

Each 125 metres of bus cable adds 0.1 Tbit.

Example:     200 metres of cable introduces A / B delay = (200/125)*0.1 = 0.16 Tbit

 

 

 

Delay in repeater  (PD 3280 / PD 3285):                              

Each repeater adds a delay of 1 Tbit.

 

Example:     200 metres + repeater + 300 metres introduces A / B delay =

(200/125)*0.1 + 1 + (300/125)*0.1  = 1.4 Tbit.     

                  

 

 

Delay in Light-Link (M36):

Each conversion between P-NET RS485 and P-NET Light-Link adds a delay of 0.75 Tbit.

Light-Link cable and Light-Link modules do not add any significant delay.

 Example:     200 metres + PD 661 + Light-Link + PD 661 + 50 metres introduces A / B delay =

                   (200/125)*0.1 + 0.75 + 0 + 0.75 + (50/125)*0.1  = 1.7 Tbit.    

 

 

 

When using a redundancy P-NET installation, it is essential that both RS485 networks are symmetrical with respect to delay. The maximum delay asymmetry of the two redundant networks is: 0.5 Tbit. 

The difference in the length of the two redundant network cables must not exceed 600 metres.

 

 

 

 

Network delay examples:

 

Single master system:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Multi-master system:

 

In a multi-master system; no more than 1 Light-Link section and 600 metres of cable is allowed between any 2 masters.

 

 

 

 

Signal propagations calculation:

 

A bit time is the time used to signal one bit on the bus. With a communication speed of 76.8 Kbps the bit time is equal to 13 μSec.

 

 

Cable signal delay calculations:

Belden cable:

Light speed = 300.000 km/s. Signal propagations 75% 

Effective signal speed = 225,000 Km/s.

1200m produces a delay of: 1.2 / 225,000 = 5.3 uS ~ 0.4 bit time, in each direction.

1200m total delay = 0.8 bit time (request delay + response delay).

0.1 bit = 1.3 uS = 292 m  (145 m total)

 

(IBM Twinax)

Light speed = 300,000 km/s. Signal propagations 66%  

Effective signal speed = 198.000 Km/s.

1200 m adds a delay of 1.2 / 198,000 = 6.1 uS ~ 0.5 bit time, in each direction.

1200 m total delay = 1 bit time (request delay + response delay).

0.1 Bit = 1.3 uS = 250 m  (125 m total)

 

Related topics

Installation overview